Mechanistic models are built using knowledge as the primary information source, with well-established biological and physical laws determining the causal relationships within the model. Once the causal structure of the model is determined, parameters must be defined in order to accurately reproduce relevant data. Determining parameters and their values is particularly challenging in the case of models of pathophysiology, for which data for calibration is sparse. Multiple data sources might be required, and data may not be in a uniform or (...) desirable format. We describe a calibration strategy to address the challenges of scarcity and heterogeneity of calibration data. Our strategy focuses on parameters whose initial values cannot be easily derived from the literature, and our goal is to determine the values of these parameters via calibration with constraints set by relevant data. When combined with a covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy, this step-by-step approach can be applied to a wide range of biological models. We describe a stepwise, integrative and iterative approach to multiscale mechanistic model calibration, and provide an example of calibrating a pathophysiological lung adenocarcinoma model. Using the approach described here we illustrate the successful calibration of a complex knowledge-based mechanistic model using only the limited heterogeneous datasets publicly available in the literature. (shrink)

Academic cheating has become a pervasive practice from primary schools to university. This study aims at investigating this phenomenon through a nomological network which integrates different theoretical frameworks and models, such as trait and social-cognitive theories and models regarding the approaches to learning and contextual/normative environment. Results on a sample of more than 200 Italian university students show that the Amoral Manipulation facet of Machiavellianism, Academic Moral Disengagement, Deep Approach to Learning and Normative Academic Cheating are significantly associated with Individual (...) Academic Cheating. Moreover, results show a significant latent interaction effect between Normative Academic Cheating and Amoral Manipulation Machiavellianism: "amoral Machiavellians" students are more prone to resort to Academic Cheating in contexts where Academic Cheating is adopted as a practice by their peers, while this effect is not significant in contexts where Academic Cheating is not normative. Results also show that Academic Moral Disengagement and Deep Approach to learning partially mediate the relationship between Amoral Manipulation and Academic Cheating. Practical implications of these results are discussed. (shrink)

This two-wave study investigated the temporal interplay between motivation and the intensity and reported impact of athletes’ emotions in training settings. In total, 217 athletes completed self-report measures of motivational climate, motivation regulations, emotional states (i.e., pleasant states, anger, and anxiety) experienced before practice at two time points during a 3-month period. Latent change score modeling revealed significantly negative paths from task-involving climate at time 1 to the latent change in the intensity of dysfunctional anxiety and anger, and significantly positive (...) paths from ego-involving climate at time 1 to the latent change in dysfunctional anger (i.e., intensity and reported impact). The paths from controlled motivation at time 1 to the latent change in the intensity of dysfunctional anxiety and vice versa were significantly positive. The path from controlled motivation at time 1 to the latent change in the intensity of functional anger was significantly positive, but not vice versa. In addition, the paths from dysfunctional anger (i.e., intensity and reported impact) at time 1 to the latent change in motivation regulations were significant, but not vice versa. Overall, evidence provided suggested that the temporal interplay of motivation and emotions is contingent on the specific emotions. The findings highlight the role of coach-created motivational climate and the importance of identifying high levels of controlled motivation to help athletes better adapt to psychological stress. (shrink)

The T lymphocyte receptor for antigen, which operates in conjunction with gene products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), is a molecular complex comprised of five polypeptide chains. Both the 49 kDa alpha and 43 kDa beta chains are immunoglobulin‐like and thus contain variable domains responsible for ligand binding. In contrast, the 20–25 kDa T3 gamma, delta and epsilon chains are monomorphic structures presumably involved in transmembrane signalling. The alpha and beta subunits are disulfide bonded to each other and held (...) in noncovalent association with the T3 chains. T3‐Ti receptor crosslinking leads to conformational modification of a second T lineage specific molecule, termed the 50 kDa T11 structure which in turn leads to protein kinase C activation, elevation in intracytoplasmic free calcium and Na+/H+ antiport stimulation. (shrink)

The collection presents a variety of promising new directions in Royce scholarship from an international group of scholars, including historical reinterpretations, explorations of Royce's ethics of loyalty and religious philosophy, and contemporary applications of his ideas in psychology, the problem of reference, neo-pragmatism, and literary aesthetics.

We forward an epistemological perspective regarding non-classical logics which restores the universality of logic in accordance with the thesis of global pluralism. In this perspective every non-classical truth-theory is actually a theory of some metalinguistic concept which does not coincide with the concept of truth (described by Tarski's truth theory). We intend to apply this point of view to Quantum Logic (QL) in order to prove that its structure properties derive from properties of the metalinguistic concept of testability in Quantum (...) Physics. To this end we construct a classical language L cand endow it with a classical effective interpretation which is partially inspired by the Ludwig approach to the foundations of Quantum Mechanics. Then we select two subsets of formulas in L cwhich can be considered testable because of their interpretation and we show that these subsets have the structure properties of Quantum Logics because of Quantum Mechanical axioms, as desired. Finally we comment on some relevant consequences of our approach (in particular, the fact that no non-classical logic is strictly needed in Quantum Physics). (shrink)

Quando si usa il termine laico, occorre sempre rispondere ad alcune domande implicite: laico rispetto a chi? Quando? Un percorso tra le varie classificazioni che si possono trovare nei testi medievali. Nella convinzione che la struttura stessa della classificazione sia importante, l'articolo procede sulla base di un criterio quantitativo, facendo riferimento al numero di classi o generi identificati, a partire dalla divisione più semplice. Una passaggio dal semplice al complesso alla luce della centralità del binomio concettuale di unità-differenza.When we use (...) the term laico, we must ever answer to some implicit questions: laico compared to whom? When? A path among the various classifications that we can find in medieval texts. Persuaded that the very structure of the classification is important, the paper goes on, according to a quantitative criterion, by reference to the number of identified classes or genres, starting from the simplest partition. A transition from the simple to the complex in the light of the centrality of two-faced concept of unit-difference. (shrink)

Per il papa e l'imperatore -- Francisco de Vitoria -- Domingo de Soto -- Luis de Molina -- Francisco Suárez.

Discuter de leurs propres doctrines selon une méthode “scolaire”, qui consiste à retrouver les doctrines de Platon afin de construire par ce moyen leur propre pensée, est une caractéristique commune aux médio-platoniciens. Un tel procédé est donc conditionné par l’exégèse de Platon ; d’ailleurs, l’exégèse elle-même devient un objet de discussion durant le moyen-platonisme, où surgit le problème très controversé de la meilleure interprétation de Platon. Une enquête sur la présence du Phèdre – qui était l’un des dialogues les plus (...) lus de Platon – chez ces philosophes doit prendre en compte diverses méthodes d’interprétation mise en place, notamment l’interprétation grammaticale, l’interprétation physique et l’interprétation épistémologique, que cet article s’efforce de mettre en lumière. (shrink)

According to a standard view, quantum mechanics is a contextual theory and quantum probability does not satisfy Kolmogorov’s axioms. We show, by considering the macroscopic contexts associated with measurement procedures and the microscopic contexts underlying them, that one can interpret quantum probability as epistemic, despite its non-Kolmogorovian structure. To attain this result we introduce a predicate language L, a classical probability measure on it and a family of classical probability measures on sets of μ-contexts, each element of the family corresponding (...) to a measurement procedure. By using only Kolmogorovian probability measures we can thus define mean conditional probabilities on the set of properties of any quantum system that admit an epistemic interpretation but are not bound to satisfy Kolmogorov’s axioms. The generalized probability measures associated with states in QM can then be seen as special cases of these mean probabilities, which explains how they can be non-classical and provides them with an epistemic interpretation. Moreover, the distinction between compatible and incompatible properties is explained in a natural way, and purely theoretical classical conditional probabilities coexist with empirically testable quantum conditional probabilities. (shrink)

L’Ipotesi del Continuo, formulata da Cantor nel 1878, è una delle congetture più note della teoria degli insiemi. Il Problema del Continuo, che ad essa è collegato, fu collocato da Hilbert, nel 1900, fra i principali problemi insoluti della matematica. A seguito della dimostrazione di indipendenza dell’Ipotesi del Continuo dagli assiomi della teoria degli insiemi, lo status attuale del problema è controverso. In anni più recenti, la ricerca di una soluzione del Problema del Continuo è stata anche una delle ragioni (...) fondamentali per la ricerca di nuovi assiomi in matematica. L’articolo fornisce un quadro generale dei risultati matematici fondamentali, e un’analisi di alcune delle questioni filosofiche connesse al Problema del Continuo. (shrink)

We present a procedure which allows us to recover classical and nonclassical logical structures as concrete logics associated with physical theories expressed by means of classical languages. This procedure consists in choosing, for a given theory ${{\mathcal{T}}}$ and classical language ${{\fancyscript{L}}}$ expressing ${{\mathcal{T}}, }$ an observative sublanguage L of ${{\fancyscript{L}}}$ with a notion of truth as correspondence, introducing in L a derived and theory-dependent notion of C-truth (true with certainty), defining a physical preorder $\prec$ induced by C-truth, and finally selecting (...) a set of sentences ϕ V that are verifiable (or testable) according to ${{\mathcal{T}}, }$ on which a weak complementation ⊥ is induced by ${{\mathcal{T}}. }$ The triple $(\phi_{V},\prec,^{\perp})$ is then the desired concrete logic. By applying this procedure we recover a classical logic and a standard quantum logic as concrete logics associated with classical and quantum mechanics, respectively. The latter result is obtained in a purely formal way, but it can be provided with a physical meaning by adopting a recent interpretation of quantum mechanics that reinterprets quantum probabilities as conditional on detection rather than absolute. Hence quantum logic can be considered as a mathematical structure formalizing the properties of the notion of verification in quantum physics. This conclusion supports the general idea that some nonclassical logics can coexist without conflicting with classical logic (global pluralism) because they formalize metalinguistic notions that do not coincide with the notion of truth as correspondence but are not alternative to it either. (shrink)

In responding to a question posed by Professor Vincent Carraud regarding a passage in a letter by Etienne Pascal in which he mentions an author who speaks of the mysteries of Pythagorean numbers we have resumed our dossiers on number theory in Mersenne. We have pointed to texts from Mersenne’s correspondence, printed books, and unpublished theological manuscripts between 1638 and 1648 in which the mysteries of the Pythagorean numbers are mentioned with reference to the theory of perfect numbers and with (...) reference to Peter Bongo’s work, which was widespread throughout Europe and particularly in France, De numerorum mysteria (1599 ed. aucta). This has allowed us to provide some indications taken from Mersenne’s unpublished manuscripts in which he addresses the mathematical problem of perfect numbers in exegesis, according to the new dating of his unpublished theological manuscripts that we have established. (shrink)

Cet article entend montrer que les « déficiences délibératives » qu’Aristote attribue à l’esclave (naturel) et à la femme en Pol. I 13, 1260a 4-15 et qui jouent un rôle explicatif important dans ce premier livre ne trouvent aucune justification théorique dans le corpus aristotélicien, que ce soit dans les ouvrages logico-métaphysiques, psycho-physiques ou éthico-politiques. En effet, il s’agit d’explications idéologiques, pseudoscientifiques, de la condition sociale inférieure de chacun de ces groupes. Ainsi, cet article veut aussi attirer l’attention sur une (...) certaine tendance des commentateurs à chercher à tout prix des circonstances atténuantes pour les thèses d’Aristote en la matière, tendance qui, signe des temps, s’est sans doute aggravée ces dernières décennies et qui, dans des cas extrêmes, va jusqu’à qualifier de « défendable » la défense aristotélicienne de l’esclavage. (shrink)

A settant'anni dalla più celebre ed universale Dichiarazione dei Diritti dell'Uomo, continua ad essere urgente la necessità di semantizzarli alla luce di un'antropologia filosofica. Già, perché è proprio di umanità che parliamo quando chiamiamo in causa questi diritti, che non per essere arrivati alla positivizzazione solamente in epoca così tarda possono considerarsi un'invenzione moderna o postmoderna. L'approccio ontofenomenologico adottato in questo studio legittima la persuasione che di una struttura del giuridico si tratti, e non di una sua contingenza come orizzonte (...) definitivo del discorso giuridico. Se è l'umanità degli uomini la cifra specifica di questi diritti, è su di essa che occorre filosoficamente interrogarsi e riflettere, anche proprio allo scopo di comprendere meglio la loro portata, i possibili contenuti e limiti, la genealogia come le applicazioni, e quindi il fondamento della loro pretesa di giustiziabilità, così audace e così spesso frustrata. (shrink)

E' naturale che a pubblicare l'intero corpus degli opuscoli retorici di Teodoro II Duca Lascari (1221–1258; imperatore dal 1254 al 1258) sia Luigi Tartaglia [da ora in avanti = Tart.], giacché buona parte di tali testi avevano visto la luce per la prima volta proprio per opera sua; ed è altrettanto naturale che il livello di tale edizione integrale sia alto, data la competenza e la lunga militanza di Tart. nel campo della bizantinistica. Per la precisione, gli opuscoli costituenti il (...) corpus sono in tutto dieci ed appartengono ai generi letterari pìù diversi (in questo quadro, il termine “retorici” con il quale sono designati i dieci opuscoli nel loro complesso rappresenta un'utile convenzione). Di tali opuscoli, due vengono qui editi per la prima volta (opp. 1 e 8); cinque sono ripubblicati, con ritocchi, dall'editor princeps di essi (opp. 2, 6, 7, 9 e 10); due erano già stati editi da altri studiosi, ma sulla base di un unico manoscritto e, dunque, in modo non scientifico (opp. 3 e 4); uno solo (op. 5) era stato pubblicato sulla scorta di tutti e quattro i manoscritti esistenti degli opuscoli stessi da A. Ph. Markopoulos nel 1968. (shrink)

Une mention d’Athéna Archegetis dans un passage fragmentaire du papyrus P.Hib. I 15 conduit à déterminer l’histoire de l’épithète, attestée dans la tradition littéraire et épigraphique entre la fin du ve siècle et la période impériale. À partir de la fin du iiie siècle avant J.-C., l’usage d’archegetis s’étend à d’autres divinités qu’Athéna en dehors d’Athènes (Magnésie, Xanthos, Éphèse, Samos, Attaleia, Myra…). Cette étude passe en revue et reconsidère la documentation disponible sur ce terme afin d’en préciser — quand c’est (...) possible — le sens et les fonctions, surtout (mais pas seulement) en contexte athénien. En règle générale, l’épithète souligne le caractère identitaire d’une divinité particulière en un moment de changement ou de renouveau politique ou religieux. (shrink)

Nel corso del 2020 la missione congiunta franco-italiana, costituita dall’Università degli Studi di Milano e dall’Institut français d’archéologie orientale del Cairo (Ifao), ha effettuato la sua abituale campagna tra le rovine dell’antica Tebtynis dal 15 settembre al 7 novembre. Gli scavi sono stati estesi nel settore meridionale dell’insediamento, lungo la grande strada che nei papiri demotici è definita “dromos di Tefresudj(ty?)”. Due case-torri costruite nel II e nel I sec. a.C. sono state portate alla luce; parecchi edifici risalenti all’epoca tolemaica (...) e a quella romana sono stati scavati ed è stata localizzata una piazza. Benché l’area investigata si presentasse parzialmente sconvolta da interventi effettuati all’inizio del secolo scorso, una buona quantità di oggetti e di testi è stata raccolta. (shrink)

L’« artification » peut être conçue comme un processus entraînant « le passage du non-art à l’art ». Selon une perspective phénoménologique (notamment husserlienne), ce passage semble impliquer deux mouvements neutralisants qui le constituent et que l’on pourrait nommer « imagification » et « esthétisation ». D’une part, une telle neutralisation est l’indice d’une suspension de tout intérêt, à la fois de l’artiste et du spectateur, pour l’existence ou la non-existence de « l’objet artifié » (Husserl reprend et relance ici (...) une ligne kantienne). D’autre part, ce désintéressement ouvre en même temps l’expérience, pour l’artiste et pour le spectateur, à un intérêt diffèrent, à savoir un intérêt axiologique visant à une saisie de valeurs. (shrink)